Final words Viral genomes are small, can't cover the same range of G+C content and Nc as large cellular organisms More prone to fluctuations in genome composition and codon bias, but exact causes are not known Differences may reflect different replication strategies eg. plants have no immune response to evade Phylogeny probably plays an important role, must be accounted for Viral codon usage may adapt to host in some viruses, but in different directions and in ways that may be difficult to detect What causes what?